Registration districts were originally created for the registration of births, marriages and deaths, rather than specifically for the census. In many cases, registration districts were broadly equivalent to parishes, but not necessarily so.
The Total column shows the total number of people in that county or town with this surname. For example, there were 16 people called ASHBURN in South Middleton In Morpeth at the time of the 1881 census.
The Frequency column shows the percentage of people in this county or town with this surname. For example, a frequency of 10000.0000 in South Middleton In Morpeth means that 10000.0000% of the people in South Middleton In Morpeth on census day were called ASHBURN.
The Index column shows the relative probability of finding someone called ASHBURN in this county or town, compared with the probability of finding them anywhere in Britain as a whole. An index of 1 means that if you pick someone at random from this county or town, you have exactly the same probability of picking someone called ASHBURN as if you picked at random from the whole of the UK. Where the index is higher than 1, then you are more likely to find someone called ASHBURN here than if you picked from the UK as a whole, and where it's lower then you are less likely. The actual figure shows the level of probability - for example, a figure of 2 would indicate that you are twice as likely to find someone called ASHBURN here than in the UK as a whole, and 10 would make it ten times as likely. The value of 0.02 in South Middleton In Morpeth means that you are 0.02 times as likely to find someone with the surname of ASHBURN in South Middleton In Morpeth than you would be in the whole of the UK.
(including typos, unknowns and the ones we don't have any data for!)